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Chapter 10 – Cell Cycle and Cell Division

1. What is the average cell cycle span for a mammalian cell?

Solution:

Average cell cycle span for a mammalian cell is 24 hours.

2. Distinguish cytokinesis from karyokinesis.

Solution:

Cytokinesis	Karyokinesis
It is the cell division of cytoplasm occurs during the M phase of the cell cycle.	It is the separation of daughter chromosomes corresponding to M phase of cell cycle

3. Describe the events taking place during interphase.

Solution:

Events taking place during interphase are as follows:

• G1 phase (Gap 1) – During this stage, the cell is metabolically active. It grows and prepares the DNA to replicate.
• S phase (Synthesis) – During this stage, the synthesis of DNA takes place. The DNA quantity doubles whereas the number of chromosomes remains unchanged
• G2 phase (Gap 2) – During this phase, the cell advances to grow and prepare itself for division. It is during this stage that the RNA and proteins that are required for mitosis are generated.

4. What is Go (quiescent phase) of cell cycle?

Solution:

In adult animals some cell will not exhibit the cell division, and many other cells occasionally divide when there is need to replace cells that have lost because of injury or cell death. These cells exit the G1 phase to enter inactive stage of the cell cycle called G0 phase. Cells in G0 phase does not proliferate unless called on to do so. Hence, the cells in this phase tend to become inactive, stop dividing, and become specialized through the differentiation process.

5. Why is mitosis called equational division?

Solution:

Mitosis is called equational division because the number of chromosomes in the parent and progeny cells is the same.

6. Name the stage of cell cycle at which one of the following events occur:

(i) Chromosomes are moved to spindle equator.

(ii) Centromere splits and chromatids separate.

(iii) Pairing between homologous chromosomes takes place.

(iv) Crossing over between homologous chromosomes takes place.

Solution:

i) Chromosomes are moved to the spindle equator in the Metaphase.

ii) Centrosomes split and chromatids separate in the Anaphase

iii) Pairing between homologous chromosomes take place in the Zygotene stage of prophase 1 in meiosis

iv) Crossing over between homologous chromosomes takes place during the Pachytene stage of prophase 1in meiosis

7. Describe the following:

(a) synapsis (b) bivalent (c) chiasmata

Draw a diagram to illustrate your answer.

Solution:

a) Synapsis – Homologous chromosomes pair together during Zygotene of prophase-I of meiosis. This pairing is called synapsis.

b) Bivalent or tetrad is the pair of complex formed by a pair of synapsed homologous chromosome during the zygotene of prophase I of meiosis.

c) Chiasmata

During diplotene, the paired chromosomes form an X-shaped structure known as chiasmata. At chiasmata, the crossing over between two non-sister chromatids takes place.

8. How does cytokinesis in plant cells differ from that in animal cells?

Solution:

Plant cytokinesis	Animals cytokinesis
Occurs by cell plate formation	Takes place by cleavage
Cell plate moves to the centre and extends towards the exterior	Cleavage begins at the periphery and advances inwards
The fusion of vesicles originates in cell plate formation	Cleavge starts with contraction of a peripheral ring of microfilaments
Midbody is not formed	Midbody is formed with dense material in the middle of the cell.

9. Find examples where the four daughter cells from meiosis are equal in size and where they are found unequal in size.

Solution:

During formation of male gametes in human beings (sperms), four daughter cell formed during meiosis are equal in size. The formation of female gamete (ovum) during meiosis results in formation of four daughter cells, unequal in size. The unequal daughter cells are – one big mature ovum and 3 small polar bodies.

10. Distinguish anaphase of mitosis from anaphase I of meiosis.

Solution:

The differences are as follows:

Anaphase of mitosis	Anaphase I of meiosis
Centromere splits and chromatids separate	centromere does not split and sister chromatids remain associated at their centromere

11. List the main differences between mitosis and meiosis.

Solution:

The differences are as follows:

Mitosis	Meiosis
Occurs in somatic cells	Occurs in germ cells
Number of chromosomes stays the same as the parent cell	The number of chromosomes gets halved in comparison to parent cells.
Two daughter cells are formed	Four daughter cells are formed
Chromosomes replicate before each mitotic division	Chromosomes does not replicate before each meiotic division

12. What is the significance of meiosis?

Solution:

Significances of Meiosis:

• It conserves specific chromosome number of each species achieved across generation.
• Enhances the genetic variability in the population of organisms from generation to generations. These variation are significant for the evolution process.
• It produces gametes for sexual reproduction
• Promotes crossing over. It introduces a new combination of variations or traits
• Chromosomal mutations can occur due to abnormalities during meiosis. Few of these can be beneficial to organisms.

13. Discuss with your teacher about

(i) haploid insects and lower plants where cell-division occurs, and

(ii) some haploid cells in higher plants where cell-division does not occur.

Solution:

i) Haploid insects where cell division occurs is drones of honey bee and lower plants are Spirogyra, Chlamydomonous, Pteridophytes. These haploid gametes are produced by them through mitosis and not meiosis.

ii) Spermatozoa and ova of higher animals and microspores of higher plants will not undergo cell division.

14. Can there be mitosis without DNA replication in ‘S’ phase?

Solution:

During S phase, DNA synthesis or replication of DNA takes place. DNA replication is essential for cell division.

Without DNA replication, cell division will not take place.

15. Can there be DNA replication without cell division?

Solution:

Yes, DNA replication can take place without cell division. In order to prepare for cell division, DNA replication is necessary. Cell division is the succeeding logical step that occurs pots cell division.

16. Analyse the events during every stage of cell cycle and notice how the following two parameters change

(i) number of chromosomes (N) per cell

(ii) amount of DNA content (C) per cell

Solution:

i) Yes, DNA replication can take place in G1 phase of cell cycle. The number of chromosomes remain the same and each chromosome is formed from one chromatid. In the S phase, chromosome is formed by two sister chromatids joined at the centromere. Similar conditions continue in the G2 phase, while in M phase, sister chromatids separate and move to different cells. The number of chromosomes stays the same in mitosis.

ii) Amount of DNA content in the cell remains the same in G1 phase but in S phase it doubles as the DNA replication takes place. It remains double in G2 phase but halved in the M phase of the cell cycle.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 10 – Cell Cycle and Cell Division

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology 10 – Cell Cycle and Cell Division is the last chapter that is categorized under Unit 3 – Cell: Structure and Functions. As per the question paper pattern from previous years, it can be deduced that students can expect around 15 marks from this unit, roughly contribution to about 21% of the total marks.

The CBSE releases examination pattern, marking scheme, question paper design for class 11 which can be analyzed thoroughly to understand the pattern followed over the years, hence studying smart.

Typology of questions that students can expect in the examinations are as follows:

• Knowledge-based
• Application-based
• Comprehension-based
• High order thinking skills based questions
• Evaluation type

List of subtopics covered in Chapter 10 – Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Number	Subtopic
10.1	Cell cycle
10.2	M-phase
10.3	Significance of Mitosis
10.4	Meiosis
10.5	Significance of Meiosis

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 10 – Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Cell cycle and Cell division is the tenth chapter categorized under Unit 4 – Plant Physiology. This unit constitutes about 18 of the total marks appearing in the question paper as per the previous years’ trends. This nearly 25% of the weightage of the unit is reason enough for students to emphasize the significance of this chapter.

The different types of questions that can be expected are as follows:

• Knowledge-based
• Application-based
• High-order thinking skills
• Understanding & Evaluation based

Key Features of NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 10 – Cell Cycle and Cell Division

• Solutions facilitate students to prepare for examinations stress-free
• NCERT solutions have been framed from the information provided in the textbook
• Easily available to download
• Solutions are aided with relevant examples
• Solutions formulated by subject matter experts
• Promotes conceptual learning

Frequently Asked Questions on Cell Cycle and Cell Division

What is the average cell cycle span for a mammalian cell?

Average cell cycle span for a mammalian cell is 24 hours.

What is Go (quiescent phase) of cell cycle?

In adult animals some cell will not exhibit the cell division, and many other cells occasionally divide when there is need to replace cells that have lost because of injury or cell death. These cells exit the G1 phase to enter inactive stage of the cell cycle called G0 phase. Cells in G0 phase does not proliferate unless called on to do so. Hence, the cells in this phase tend to become inactive, stop dividing, and become specialized through the differentiation process.

Why is mitosis called equational division?

Mitosis is called equational division because the number of chromosomes in the parent and progeny cells is the same.

Define Synapsis?

Homologous chromosomes pair together during Zygotene of prophase-I of meiosis. This pairing is called synapsis.

Define Chiasmata?

During diplotene, the paired chromosomes form an X-shaped structure known as chiasmata. At chiasmata, the crossing over between two non-sister chromatids takes place.